The Far Right in Europe, the United States and Australia: Causes, Dynamics and Counterstrategies
Introduction
In recent decades, the far right has evolved from a political fringe phenomenon into a mainstream force in several liberal democracies. Electoral successes of parties such as France’s Rassemblement National, Germany’s Alternative für Deutschland (AfD), Austria’s Freiheitliche Partei Österreichs (FPÖ), and the Dutch Partij voor de Vrijheid (PVV) illustrate this process in Europe. Beyond Europe, we see the same trend: in the United States with Trumpism, and in Australia with parties such as One Nation. This article, based on existing academic literature, examines how the rise of the far right can be understood, what role media and social networks play, and what risks and counterstrategies are identified in the literature.
Theoretical Framework
Mudde (2019) defines radical and far-right movements through three core components: nativism, authoritarianism, and populism. Kitschelt and McGann (1995), in their classic study, demonstrate that the electoral appeal of the far right does not merely stem from xenophobia but from a broader political restructuring: the shift from a traditional left–right spectrum to a two-dimensional model in which cultural authoritarian-libertarian tensions are central.
Ebner (2020) further shows that online radicalization mechanisms—ranging from meme culture to digital subcommunities—are crucial in spreading far-right ideology. Finally, Michael (2006) points to the possibility of unexpected convergences between the far right and other radical movements, such as Islamist extremism, which may reinforce each other in their hostility toward the West.
Analysis
Rise and Electoral Appeal
The rise of the far right in Europe, the United States, and Australia cannot be reduced to a single factor. The literature points to a multifaceted explanation in which economic, cultural, and political dimensions reinforce one another.
Socio-economic insecurity Globalization, deindustrialization, and labor market flexibilization have led to growing inequality and the disappearance of certainties. Traditional labor parties often proved unable to provide adequate answers. The far right fills this vacuum by linking economic concerns to nationalist solutions, such as protecting “native jobs” and closing borders (Kitschelt & McGann, 1995).
Cultural insecurity and identity issues Alongside economic factors, cultural dynamics play a major role. Migration and ethnic diversity trigger feelings of loss of national identity. The far right positions itself as the defender of “national culture” and opposes cosmopolitan elites. Mudde (2019) identifies this as the essence of nativism: the conviction that the state must be a homogeneous nation in which “others” have no place.
Populist mobilization Populism serves as a unifying strategy. Far-right parties frame politics as a struggle between the “pure people” and the “corrupt elite.” This rhetoric appeals not only to the economically disaffected but also to citizens who feel politically excluded (Rydgren, 2018).
Political representation and party systems Institutional factors are also significant. In countries with proportional electoral systems (such as the Netherlands, Austria, Sweden), new parties gained relatively easy access to parliament. In countries with majoritarian systems (such as the UK and the US), far-right movements were long constrained but managed to break through via charismatic leaders (Trump, Farage) (Eatwell & Goodwin, 2018).
The result is that the far right is no longer marginal but has become a structural political factor in many countries, with electoral scores in some cases exceeding 20–30%.
Social Media and Digital Overrepresentation
Online platforms provide the far right with disproportionate visibility. The logic of algorithms amplifies polarizing and emotionally charged messages, enabling extremist content to spread faster than nuanced argumentation. Ebner (2020) shows how young people are subtly exposed to radical messages via gaming, memes, and online subcultures. This explains why far-right voices often appear stronger online than their actual electoral weight.
Traditional Media and Normalization
Although media outlets often claim to “just report,” research shows that far-right themes (migration, security, national identity) receive disproportionate attention. Far-right politicians understand this mechanism and use provocation as a strategy to set the agenda. Mudde (2019) describes this as the “normalization” of far-right frames within the broader public debate.
Dangers for Society and Politics
The risks of the far right are both societal and institutional. At the societal level, it leads to polarization, stigmatization of minorities, and increased hate and violence. At the institutional level, once in power, the far right may undermine the rule of law by attacking independent courts, press freedom, and fundamental rights. Examples can be seen in Hungary under Viktor Orbán and in the illiberal shift of Poland’s PiS party (Rydgren, 2018).
Discussion: Counterstrategies
Combating the far right is complex, as a purely repressive approach often proves counterproductive. The academic literature identifies several effective strategies:
Factual communication and transparency Disinformation and conspiracy theories form a core component of far-right propaganda. A robust strategy requires actively spreading facts and exposing misleading claims. Mudde (2019) emphasizes that alarmist rhetoric should be avoided: facts and transparency strengthen the credibility of democratic institutions.
Socio-economic policy and reducing inequality Kitschelt and McGann (1995) stress that economic insecurity is an important breeding ground. Policies that enhance job security, strengthen social safety nets, and reduce inequality shrink the pool from which the far right recruits voters.
Democratic resilience and civic education Rydgren (2018) argues that strengthening democratic institutions, including independent courts and the press, is essential. Civic education focused on critical thinking skills and knowledge of the rule of law can make citizens more resilient against simplistic or authoritarian narratives.
Serious engagement with legitimate concerns Many voters feel unheard on issues such as migration and security. When established parties ignore these issues, they leave a vacuum for the far right to fill. It is important to take such concerns seriously and address them within a democratic and inclusive framework (Eatwell & Goodwin, 2018).
Digital resilience and platform regulation Ebner (2020) highlights the central role of social media. Effective counterstrategies require cooperation with tech companies to moderate hate speech, curb the algorithmic amplification of extremism, and promote alternative narratives online.
Civil society and local dialogue Beyond state action, citizens and civil society organizations play a crucial role. Local initiatives that foster dialogue and encounter can disrupt the “us versus them” logic that fuels far-right mobilization.
Conclusion
The rise of the far right in Europe, the United States, and Australia is not a temporary phenomenon but a structural challenge for liberal democracies. Its appeal rests on a combination of cultural anxiety, socio-economic insecurity, and a political representation gap. Both social media and traditional media amplify this dynamic. The dangers for democratic societies are substantial, ranging from societal polarization to institutional erosion of the rule of law. At the same time, there are avenues for action: by promoting social justice, strengthening democratic resilience, and engaging citizens actively, the appeal of the far right can be diminished.
References
Ebner, J. (2020). Going Dark: The Secret Social Lives of Extremists. London: Bloomsbury.
Eatwell, R., & Goodwin, M. (2018). National Populism: The Revolt Against Liberal Democracy. London: Penguin.
Kitschelt, H., & McGann, A. J. (1995). The Radical Right in Western Europe: A Comparative Analysis. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Michael, G. (2006). The Enemy of My Enemy: The Alarming Convergence of Militant Islam and the Extreme Right. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.
Mudde, C. (2019). The Far Right Today. Cambridge: Polity. (Dutch edition: Extreemrechts, Boom uitgevers).
Rydgren, J. (Ed.). (2018). The Oxford Handbook of the Radical Right. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
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